https://torrentgalaxy.to/profile/HashMiner COMRADES, LET'S BE REALISTIC AND SEIZE THE IMPOSSIBLE
FEMALE STUDENTS UNIFIED COMMITTEE
The difference between good and evil sets the limits of moral life.
However, it's the individual who is choosing, every single time.
The main goal of the law is to safeguard life itself.
That is why the Civil Code
is the largest list of rights of the individual.
As for the Penal Code,
it spans from rules to the value of life, safeguarded by the law.
Bravo! Well done!
Nice words, sir.
You, the Christian Democrats are destroying social life, though.
What about the victims of the Piazza Fontana or Brescia bombings?
-And all the terror? -Murderers!
Get out!
Officer Leonardi, let her talk. She's got the right. I'm listening.
You've been ruling since forever, therefore an accessory to the bombings.
These crimes are extremely serious.
Because of these, the country risks deviating from its Constitution.
If this didn't happen, it is mostly due
to the surveillance performed by ordinary people.
A great role was played by Catholic people.
We, the Christian Democrats, are ruling the country,
because electors voted for us to do so.
If they decide otherwise, we'll stop.
You just love power.
What do you care about us, working students.
Enough, sir. Now, can you please leave?
Quiet, please. They are absolutely right.
Often, politicians in this country
is detached from society.
I agree. They are locked in their ivory tower.
That's why I try to live inside the society.
How much is a bus ticket, sir?
Two hundred liras for a single ride.
A kilo of pasta?
Six hundred, six hundred fifty. It depends on the brand.
I sometimes cook for myself.
Let's go.
Let's get back to it, shall we?
Aldo Moro's seminars were three times a week,
on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
He never skipped a class.
After the class, he would spend up to two hours with us
for an informal chat.
This is the most interesting aspect of Moro as a lecturer.
He could be compared to Socrates, who would stay with his disciples.
At least, that's what we thought.
We would talk about movies, or our lives.
We didn't feel like we were talking to someone important.
STUDENT OF ALDO MORO
Or a politician.
He was just our lecturer.
Francesca, when are you finally taking the exam?
I still need some time, sir. I'm a perfectionist, you know that.
Emilio, did you survive the books I gave you?
Yes, I did. And by the way, thanks.
What a nerd.
Riccardo!
When you are not playing tennis, try and read this.
-I added some side notes. -Thanks, sir. I'll definitely catch up…
-Stop laughing! -You are funny.
-Hello. -Hi.
I enjoyed our conversation earlier.
You mean your speech. You were the only one talking.
You can't stop that yet.
-Mr President, we need to go. -Yes.
Have a good day.
One morning, there were riots
between Law students, traditionally right-wing,
and Politics students, traditionally left-wing.
It got physical.
I was worried, because Mr Moro's car was supposed to drive by.
I found it more appropriate to go from the back.
There was a backdoor entry.
He refused, because he claimed they had seen us
and we couldn't let them see us on the retreat.
So we soldiered on, and nothing happened. He was absolutely right.
The students stopped and even let him through.
Good morning, miss.
-Good morning. -Morning.
I recognized you from a picture published on Lotta continua,
during a demonstration.
-Do you read papers from the revolution? -Among other things.
Every criticism should be taken on board, or at least understood.
As long as it doesn't get violent.
It's one of today's topics, should you feel like sitting in my lecture.
Don't you just talk about the law?
I'll talk about rights, including the ones young people are being denied.
Anyway, I'd be glad if you could attend.
The only risk you run is that of falling asleep.
Enjoy your day.
Every time a student would approach him with a question or a comment,
his body language, his posture and the way he talked
would make it absolutely clear
the he was devoting all of his energy to answering the query.
He was extremely kind and sensitive.
Tomorrow morning I'll be taking part to the Christian Democrats Conference.
The speech I'll hold is also about you.
I'll say that the fact that young people don't feel represented by the society
is actually jeopardizing our role.
-What a nerve! -She's the one from the other day.
You guys are at the center of history.
So it's…
from your huge desire of change
and from your sorrow and distress
that the idea of a new humanity can arise.
Allow me to say this is not just a social issue.
It's a spiritual one as well.
The political establishment… We, the politicians…
still have a lot to understand.
We must be able to adjust to your wish for a change.
Nothing human…
can be alien to us.
Let alone you, guys.
You are our future.
Moro was part of history for us.
We were studying History.
When Moro spoke, history itself was speaking.
Maybe it was an exaggeration.
When other politicians spoke, it was just something to report.
Born in Maglie, in 1916, he graduated at the high school in Taranto.
and then at Bari University.
He got his Law degree when he was 21,
and when he was 24, he became the youngest
professor of Philosophy of the Law in Italy.
Moro was a humanistic politician.
He had devoted his life
to studying, and teaching at university.
His interest in politics dates back to the Constituent Assembly.
I believe the Constituent Assembly
has been an interesting season in the Italian political life.
It's an interesting beginning
and a promising one.
We were inspired and enthusiastic.
And confident.
Aldo Moro was one of the members
who mostly influenced the first three articles.
He definitely influenced Article One,
because there was a fight
between Catholic Christian Democrats and the Left.
Mr. Togliatti wanted it to read
"Italy is a workers' democratic republic".
Thanks to Moro's negotiations, the final article reads:
"Italy is a democratic republic founded on labor".
I'm going to read the list of appointed ministers.
THE FIRST MORO GOVERNMENT
"Deputy Prime Minister, Honorable Pietro Nenni."
Moro has always carried out a strategy of inclusion.
His tendency was to privilege
a democratic, popular basis within the system.
This happened both in the 60s, with the Socialists,
and again in the 70s with the Italian Communist Party.
For the first time in 30 years,
the Communists aren't in opposition in the Parliament.
For the first time we had democracy with some alternatives.
Such a massive, deep change raised alarms
both within a significant part of the US,
and within the Soviets.
All Italian conservative parties were also worried.
His very ambitious project
from an ideal point of view,
proved to be very dangerous for his own safety.
MARCH 16TH 1978
Have you realized the importance
of today's decision by the Communists to support the government?
It's just critical. It's the only way to stabilize the country.
Compromising doesn't help.
It does. They're the only way to avoid what happened in Chile.
He did the right thing fighting for this deal.
Tomorrow I'm watching Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Coming?
How can you like western movies?
-This one is different. -Yeah, right.
I'll mention it to Mr. Moro. He's a fan, he'll love it.
He might convince you to watch it.
-I strongly doubt. -You'll see.
Block the entrance!
-What's up? -No entry.
We're here for the ceremony. Mr. Moro invited us.
There's been a shooting. Mr. Moro was there.
What? Are you sure?
Is he injured?
We don't know.
Good God.
We've just arrived on the scene where the assault took place.
That day was similar to the September 11 attacks.
Everybody remembers what they were doing.
Here you see the car with the dead bodies of the officers
working as bodyguards…
for Honorable Moro.
I ran to Via Fani.
The scene had already been fenced.
There was a sort of enclosure.
There they asked us,
as we were his students, how many bags Mr. Moro had,
because they were afraid some bags would hide state secrets.
However, we wouldn't know.
The corpses had not been covered yet.
There were no sheets.
There was a huge mayhem.
I remember something incredible.
The ground was literally covered with casings.
I remember Mr. Infelisi, the prosecutor, saying:
"It's unbelievable. They left a lot of evidence behind."
The Red Brigades just claimed the kidnapping of Mr. Moro.
"We kidnapped the President of the Christian Democrats, Aldo Moro,
and eliminated his bodyguards,
Minister Cossiga's SWAT. Signed, The Red Brigades."
Eight people were allegedly part of the command.
At first there was a huge concern.
There had been rumors of a coup
or a paramilitary attack, and this event looked like one.
CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
We were at the Parliament,
having a debate that should have concluded with confidence
for Andreotti government.
Then we got the news.
It was a massive blow for all of us.
We are in a state of war and the measures in place must be organized accordingly.
-What measures have you got in mind? -All of them.
The toughest ever.
We are not going to the demonstration on Piazza San Giovanni!
We, and the collectives of all faculties,
are calling an outdoor assembly on Piazzale della Minerva.
There's no need to run.
Your professor's not here today.
He asked for it this time.
-Lucia! -Lucia, stop.
People you knew are dead. Have some respect!
Let's go. Forget about him.
Lucia.
As I was telling Sandro and Rita, dissertations will not be defended.
Of course, we'll wait for Mr. Moro to return.
Yeah.
What if he doesn't?
In that case, dissertations will be defended with the director.
During the next session.
No way.
I'll wait.
Okay.
Three times per week, from 9:30 onward,
many students attend Mr. Moro's lectures.
His seminars have the highest attendance record. Why is that?
We asked two of his students, male and female,
to tell us more about Aldo Moro as a university professor.
-We would talk about everything. -What about his bodyguards?
They'd participate. We knew them very well too.
Officer Leonardi was a friend. We were very fond of him.
My views are different from Moro's.
However, everyone had a voice during his lectures.
I've been challenging his principles and his positions more than once.
He welcomed the challenges and a conversation would start.
You are one of the students attending Professor Moro's classes, right?
Yes, I am.
How did you feel when he didn't show up yesterday?
I heard it on the radio around 10:30 a.m.
Then around 1:30, 2:00 p.m. I saw those pictures…
What struck me most was…
Leonardi. We knew him well.
Moro was on board of a blue Fiat 132, a government car.
The car was driven by corporal Domenico Ricci.
Chief Warrant Officer Oreste Leonardi was sitting on the passenger seat.
The terrorists acted swiftly.
THE PARLIAMENTARY INVESTIGATION
ON THE KIDNAPPING AND DEATH OF ALDO MORO - DECEMBER, 7TH 2017
THE SHOOTING
FORENSIC RECREATION FOR THE INVESTIGATION
This is what we asked Forensic Police.
We wanted to figure out the trajectories on the basis of the bullets.
We discovered that the suspect who killed Officer Leonardi
and Moro's driver
was a skilled sniper,
because he hit two targets on the moving car and avoided Moro.
The committee of inquiry "Moro 2" has actually revolutionized
the main hypothesis up to that moment
claiming that the Red Brigades acted alone and without any help.
The committee proved, sorry if I'm using a strong word,
that Red Brigades were there as well.
The group of terrorists, jumped out from the hedges
at the Bar Olivetti, which closed a while ago.
Who would go to the Bar Olivetti?
Tano Badalamenti, the mafioso arrested for the Peppino Impastato murder.
Frank Coppola, from the American Mafia.
Camillo Guglielmi, colonel of Operation Gladio.
Massimo Carminati, from the Mafia Capitale in Rome.
Renatino De Pedis, boss of the Banda della Magliana.
Bar Olivetti was critical for the Moro affair.
It wasn't closed. It was open.
Maybe it was open only for some, who became main characters in the affair.
AN ARMED GROUP OF THE RED BRIGADES KIDNAPPED ALDO MORO
COMMUNIQUÉ NO. 1 MARCH 18TH 1978
RED BRIGADES
When I saw the first picture of Moro I was furious
about the state he was in.
He was a very elegant man.
His slender hands were always well looked after.
His attire was always impeccable and his bearing was very refined.
When I saw him in that state, I figured how he must have felt.
Seeing him in that state had a double effect.
Not only the Red Brigades wanted everyone to know
that they were holding him captive.
They also wanted to show the power they had over him.
Thank God they didn't kill him.
It's a nightmare.
Do you mind?
The Red Brigades say he's facing a trial.
They are trying him.
According to which laws?
I don't get it. Why did they kidnap him?
Why not kill him?
Right… Why?
If the Red Brigades wanted to kill Moro,
they'd have done it on March 16th, together with his guards.
Moro had been Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.
Adding an interrogation to the kidnapping,
turns the whole affair into a spy story.
They are collecting sensitive data,
both about Italian national and international security.
Chancellors and secret services around the world
were on their toes.
German and English agents have arrived in Rome
in order to collaborate with the Italian police.
Minister Cossiga is here.
The other ministers will arrive once the Council is over.
MORO'S PRISON
From what the committee of inquiry revealed,
the first hideout was the one in Via Massimi.
Then they moved to a hideout pretty far from Rome.
The autopsy revealed that Moro was tanned.
His body was very clean.
The Red Brigades claimed he would wash once per week in a bucket.
On his body they found two female hairs, 5.5 and 7 inches respectively,
which are incompatible with his jailer, Barbara Balzerani.
In addition, his bones are not compatible with the Via Montalcini hideout.
His presence in Via Montalcini is confirmed by the prosecution,
but there's no evidence he was actually there.
The mystery surrounding the three cars used by the terrorists
to escape after kidnapping Aldo Moro and assassinating his five bodyguards.
On Thursday, in Via Licinio Calvo, in the Monte Mario district,
1.8 miles from the attack
the blue Fiat 132 was found, on which Moro was kidnapped.
Twenty-four hours later, still on Via Licinio Calvo,
the white Fiat 128 was found.
Yesterday night, the missing third car
has been found parked between house numbers 25 and 27.
How could it be missed?
Nobody is checking those streets?
There must be a garage used by the terrorists around Via Fani.
Why can they not check the whole district?
Rome is full of policemen.
Why don't they just all move there?
We believe it is possible that the three cars
were positioned in the same way
because they were coming out of a complacent garage on Via Massimi, 91.
Nobody checked this garage, as it belongs to the Vatican.
Yet another roadblock?
I cant' believe it.
Easy. They look more nervous than the previous ones.
Get out of the car with your hands up. Hands on the car roof. Out!
Let's not screw up.
Your papers.
ID, please.
Check these IDs.
-Easy. -Calm down, miss.
What about this?
What is this?
We are going for a dinner.
-Are you? -We are building a Molotov cocktail.
Are you pulling my leg?
I'm not. But I don't get it why you're targeting students.
Student, hands on the roof.
The attorney general Pietro Pascalino made a beautiful declaration
before he got divested.
He said the police didn't carry out any search for Moro and its kidnappers,
but only paraded in order to calm down the population.
The Ministry for Internal affairs set up three crisis units
and I was very surprised to see so many members of the Masonic lodge P2.
Licio Gelli said
that Moro's plan had to be eliminated.
What was P2?
You'd have chief officers from Carabinieri, from the police
from the Finance police, and from the Army.
The Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
It was…
a whole world.
The members of the P2 Lodge
were members of the institutions.
As well as other characters that had been summoned by Cossiga
in order to solve Moro's kidnapping issue
in terms of the actual inquiry.
I'm only trying
to devote my work, and my people's work
to find out the truth
and protect both the state's prestige and Honorable Moro's life.
Dear Francesco, while sending you a friendly greeting,
l am obliged by these difficult circumstances to present to you
fully aware of your responsibilities, which I obviously respect,
some clear and realistic thoughts.
"Dear Francesco". This is the alpha and the omega of the whole affair.
All the rest was just drama, a staged drama,
a ruthless, cynical and political fight over power
with this man's life at stake.
It's out of the question,
I've been told with absolute certainty
that I am considered a political prisoner.
Sacrificing the innocent in the name of an abstract sense of the law,
whilst an indisputable state of necessity should lead to his rescue.
It's unacceptable.
All other countries have solved these issues in a positive way.
I remember the exchanges between Brezhnev and Pinochet.
The numerous exchanges of spies,
the expulsion of dissidents from Soviet territory.
I can understand that such an event is a difficult one to tackle.
However, one should stay clear-headed
and be ready for the worst to come.
Did you read this?
He's as clear-headed as always
and wants all of us to be.
-He's proposing an exchange. -I'm all in.
He's right, it's been done already between Chile and USSR.
This cannot be done, guys.
The state would lose out. Pertini is right.
I agree. Negotiating with criminals is wrong. We are at war.
Exactly. War means negotiations.
I was absolutely convinced negotiating was the right thing to do.
Absolutely.
If Moro had been in the potential negotiators' shoes,
he would have saved the kidnapped.
I'm not claiming those letters had been written by the Red Brigades,
and only signed by Moro.
Those letters were written by Moro.
Moro wrote those letters.
However, let's not forget the state he was in.
We shouldn't forget it.
We were surprised by how the whole press would criticize the letters
and claim that he was unwell, psychologically unstable and unreliable,
or he didn't write them.
He did write those letters. Read them now and see.
Outside of that context.
One should try. I've done it twice.
I've read them through. And they are beautiful.
Those letters reflected his feelings.
It was like hearing his voice again, and be next to him again.
However,
what he was telling us there was very different from his lectures.
We need to start a humanitarian movement
the Chambers are lacking completely, in spite of their traditions.
Work with Berlinguer.
The Communists have been very harsh,
being their first time in the government.
They killed his bodyguards and we were supposed
to negotiate with those who killed those people.
This would have showed weakness.
My mother and Mr. Leonardi's wife have always been in favor of negotiating.
They've always agreed
that negotiating was best, because all they wanted
was for Aldo Moro to be released.
It would have been a moral ransom for the killing of his five bodyguards.
I'm unscathed and perfectly clear-minded.
It's not right to say I'm incapable.
I'm not forced, I'm not drugged and I'm writing in with my own style,
whether you like it or not, and with my own handwriting.
Moro's writing is that of a resisting prisoner.
While resisting he is showing himself as more alive than ever
and this aspect should not only be investigated,
but also remembered.
Is the hard line against me
recommended by US and Germany?
FOUR YEARS EARLIER NOVEMBER 1974
Sometimes I think I'll end up like JFK.
They'll just shoot me from a hideout.
Why do you say so?
Let's say that…
not many like my idea to build national solidarity with the Communist party.
As a matter of fact, Mr. Berlinguer just had a car accident in Bulgaria…
A very odd car accident. It's a miracle he survived.
What are you worried about?
During our official visit in New York, I was threatened.
-What sort of threat? -Death.
Oreste Leonardi told us the trip to the US didn't go well.
My boss was threatened.
Moro felt unwell after meeting Kissinger,
and he also asked Guerzoni
to let Italian media know
that he would leave politics.
He realized he was in the middle of a controversy
and that he was at risk.
Moro realized this huge thing and decided to leave politics.
Find some time to work on your Criminal Procedure
or you'll miss one year.
I'm catching up.
"I'm catching up". I've heard this many times.
-Francesca? -Yes.
-I saw you wrote this article. -I did.
-Do you want to be a journalist? -I'm tempted to try.
Good. Finally someone will explain to me what's the point
of being a journalist.
Yeah.
Lucia.
What about you? What are you tempted to try?
-I haven't decided yet. -You've got time.
I was thinking of staying within the university.
Becoming a professor. You taught us that teaching is a beautiful career.
Teaching is wonderful. I wish you all the best.
Up until a week ago, I had decided to make it my only job.
-Leave politics? -I wanted to retire.
And devote myself to my students.
Then…
my first grandson was born.
This is Luca, Mr. President.
Luca.
-Are you a grandfather as well, Officer? -Not yet.
But I hope I will be soon.
What's up, Mr. President?
These children.
We must help them.
I promised my wife I'd leave politics.
She'll be disappointed.
Luca.
In that moment he decided to go back to politics.
This is why I find it unbearable when people say he was a coward.
A man who knows his life is at stake
wouldn't make the same choice he made in that situation.
He would always say "I think". He would never say "I believe".
He knew the difference.
This is what you need today. You'd need it all the time.
Politics doesn't need people who believe. It needs people who think.
THE LOCKHEED SCANDAL
Honorable Moro asked to speak. He's allowed.
Mr. President, Senators,
Members of the Parliament…
Chamber of deputies, 1.40 p.m.
Moro, President of the Christian Democrats is speaking in defense of Luigi Gui.
"Thirty years of perfect service, a natural sense of duty", Moro said.
There's no suspicion
that Mr. Gui would seek his own benefit from the affair.
During the 70s, it was very popular to think…
especially in the opposition, that D.C., the Christian Democrats,
was a criminal organization.
This was unacceptable for Moro.
His goal was to turn political controversies and tension
into constructive dialogue.
In order for this to happen, more respect was needed.
For all these reasons, honorable colleagues
who forecast trials on the square for us,
we're telling you we won't be tried.
Did you tell the Parliament your party won't be tried?
Let me finish.
You think you are untouchable.
-I didn't say that. -That was the gist of it.
Lucia, you are a Law student. You must learn to weigh people's words.
I said "on the squares".
"We won't be tried on the squares."
I hope you get the difference between a square and a courtroom.
You are the one who doesn't get it.
You let them think you feel you are above the law and don't accept criticism,
and that this is a regime.
The result of what you call a "regime"
is the highest experience of freedom
this country ever had.
And you are the living proof.
No, sir. This time you are wrong.
Lucia, Lucia…
Have you lost your mind? You cannot attack him like this.
You exaggerated.
He's a good teacher. But also a Christian Democrat.
Excuse me.
Moro defended Gui because he's absolutely sure he's innocent.
He defended the D.C. party because he's part of that world
and still believes in its good reasons.
He defended the system, because of the riots and demonstrations
pursuing a campaign that would present the government
as shady and obscure and criminal,
he thought it would have been correct to restore some political truth.
Why do we have to travel here to meet the professor?
These days he moved to Terracina to work on the next lectures.
He must be filthy rich.
-You can sort out the matter. -Which matter?
Having a conversation can be no harm.
You sound exactly like him.
Here we are. Filthy rich, right?
-Hello. -Hello.
What are you doing here?
I just came to visit the professor and she came along.
Right.
Did you lose your tongue?
-Please, come in. -Thanks.
-Hello, sir. -Emilio.
-Morning. -What a pleasure.
Lucia. I'm happy to see you, too.
-It's true that you cook for yourself. -Just the basics.
I was just fixing some pasta for Officer Leonardi and myself.
There it is. Are you staying for lunch?
We don't want to disturb you.
-You're not disturbing at all. Leonardi? -Sure, Mr. President.
-Please, take a seat. I won't be a minute. -Thanks.
It's Officer Leonardi's turn to do the dishes today.
After all, I can't cook.
I'm not an absolute chief of the Christian Democrats and of the government,
like you think, Lucia.
I can guarantee that in many years I've often felt isolated
by my own party.
You've been four times minister and five times Prime Minister.
Only when it was required.
However, as an ex-Prime Minister,
I can guarantee that our democracy doesn't have
a "control room", like Pietro Nenni is saying.
Very convenient. So nobody's guilty. Everybody is innocent.
Criminal liability is an individual thing and must be ascertained by trials.
Theoretically, yes.
Practically, crimes committed by power, like bombings, aren't prosecuted.
There are ongoing trials. Let's wait and see.
Do you really believe it?
Haven't you realized our democracy is fake?
Those in power do whatever they want, unsupervised.
This democracy is imperfect,
but it's safeguarding everyone's freedom, including yours.
Freedom to be fooled around.
Instead of criticizing, why don't you get involved with institutions?
You'd learn a lot, trust me.
I doubt. I'm sorry, but this game is fixed.
They won't have me.
I'm sorry, sir. I was sure you could talk
and she would have understood.
I like her honesty.
-Where is she going? -No idea. She might hitchhike to Rome.
Go and grab her. Ask her to come back.
We'll be waiting there, on the left.
The ice cream parlor makes a delicious chocolate.
Ok.
Let's go. They'll join us.
APRIL 15TH 1978 DAY 31 OF THE KIDNAPPING
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
EXAM OF PROCEDURAL LAW
One month after the kidnapping, our professor was still missing.
We'd ask ourselves where he was.
We hoped he was thinking about us.
My dearest Noretta,
You can imagine how much I miss you
and how I'm spending hour after hour trying to picture you all.
And seeing you all, caressing you all.
I hope you all remember me as well without dramas.
Please ask Saverio Fortuna to send all my love to my students,
and tell them I'm so sorry I cannot continue the seminar.
THE INTERROGATION WITH DEFENDANT ALDO MORO IS CONCLUDED.
COMMUNIQUE NO. 6 APRIL 15TH 1978
ALDO MORO IS GUILTY.
The communiqué announcing the end of the trial and the death sentence
was a somewhat predictable ending of this first stage of the kidnapping.
SENTENCED TO DEATH
Then the second part started, that is the wait before the execution.
Look. "Aldo Moro is guilty and is sentenced to death".
"Sentenced to death"?
MORO "SENTENCED TO DEATH"
Capital punishment must be looked at negatively.
The same goes for life imprisonment.
Life in prison.
It offers no hope,
nor any encouragement to regret
or find one selves again.
This is no less inhumane
than death penalty.
In order to show you how unfair life in prison is
on Saturday we are going to visit a penitentiary.
I've done it already in the past with other students.
I'd like to turn it into a habit.
For you too.
Moro was convinced that students of Politics
absolutely needed to know how the country worked.
He had a very modern approach to teaching.
You go to university, you learn a lot, but everything stays theoretical.
CIVITAVECCHIA PRISON
Everything started with a sheep theft.
You know how it is.
I had a sister.
If I didn't wash the offense with blood, they would ban me
and she would have ended up a spinster.
They gave me life.
These were actually supplementary classes in Criminal Law.
Real-life ones.
It was very precious for us because it was work on the field
and see how things worked.
This is the kind of stories I wanted you to witness.
A crime is the result of prejudice surrounding the culprit
and everyone of us is involved.
I can't imagine how one can kill for such reasons.
Reality is much more complex than we imagine.
Life in prison is always an unacceptable punishment.
Where's rehabilitation?
At the end of the visit, when we went back to the bus,
he wanted us to tell him what we saw.
He would then explain to us what was behind what we saw
and what we had been told.
That was the actual learning.
PRISON PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL
As you can see, the inmates can move around freely.
Help me, please! I've been good to humanity for 3,000 years!
Tell them they shouldn't mess up with my brain!
-Are you okay? -Yes.
-What did he mean by that? -Nonsense. He's a serious case.
Mr. President, that's where we keep the most dangerous inmates.
Let's go and see.
-Better not, the girls could be… -The girls are as ready as boys are.
I remember him insisting.
He was Foreign Minister and could get in anywhere he liked.
He could demand to check patients' conditions
and see what they were doing.
Let's not forget electroshock was still legal back then.
Open the door, please.
-Better not. -Open the door.
Nurse.
It was shocking to see people in enclosure beds and see desperation in their eyes
of everybody who was there.
It was either their fault or their conditions'
or some law distortions were living in a sort of hell on earth.
Excuse me.
I'll talk to the Minister of Justice tomorrow.
There and then I realized what it meant for him
to be a politician.
What I clearly remember about him
is the fact that he would listen to the vulnerable,
but he would also be very strict
with those in power,
as a matter of fact with the decision-makers.
APRIL 17TH 1978 DAY 33 OF THE KIDNAPPING
You see those two?
They'll defend their dissertation without waiting for the professor.
They said they wasted too much money canceling their graduation receptions.
What are they talking about?
They should be ashamed.
-Good morning. -Morning.
Are you too late or am I too early?
It's Emilio's fault.
Think about your delays.
-Not funny. -Morning.
Welcome. Please take a seat.
-Do you like this place? -I love it. Seriously.
I hope we'll spend all our end of seminar lunches here.
-I heard the chocolate cake is delicious. -It's their signature dish.
Delicious, indeed.
I've had a good thought
and I'd like to write my dissertation
on Institutes of Law and Criminal Procedure.
Would you like to be my supervisor?
Are you sure you want a Christian Democrat as a supervisor?
Nobody's perfect.
I would have been sorry if you didn't ask me.
I've got a good topic for you.
Which one?
Punishment as interior renewal and as an extremely human institution.
A practical institution. It's a good topic.
Lucia, you have character and passion.
Only apparently you are an extremist.
Your attitude conceals a yearning for justice and great civic duty.
When your excesses, which are very normal at you age,
will be over and you'll have your own balance
I think you are going to be a great lawyer.
Are you kidding me?
-No, I'm not. -I don't want to be lawyer.
Please, do think about it.
I'm serious. Because…
institutions must become flesh and blood.
Take life.
They're not separated from us.
Institutions…
are us.
TODAY THE "DICTATORSHIP" OF THE CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS ENDS
THE FAKE COMMUNIQUÉ APRIL 18TH 1978
You are listening to Radio Città Futuro. We just received breaking news.
The Red Brigades published Communiqué no. 7.
"We are confirming President Moro has been executed
by means of suicide.
His corpse can be found at the bottom of the Lake Duchessa, in the Rieti area."
The Lake Duchessa affair has been pulled by an attorney
named Claudio Vitalone,
who wants to soften the emotional impact
on the Italians and prepare them for the actual murder of Moro.
Who wrote the fake communiqué?
Tony Chichiarelli, counterfeiter from the Banda della Magliana.
The longest day after the Via Fani assault started this morning at 8:50 a.m.
when the Fire Brigade called the police from a flat on Via Gradoli, 96.
"Come here now. We found a Red Brigade hideout".
On April 18th someone called me in the morning and told me:
"Run to Via Gradoli. They found Moro's prison.
We still don't know whether he's there."
The Via Gradoli hideout was the flat where Mario Moretti
and Barbara Balzerani used to live.
That is those from the Red Brigades committee in charge of the Moro affair.
One of them had taken part to the kidnapping.
The police had already been in Via Gradoli
on March 18th 1978.
One month earlier, the police had knocked the door, the two were inside
but the police didn't go in because the door was jammed.
One of the headquarters was busted,
and the enquirers did get some hints,
but not enough to find Moro.
ALDO MORO HAS BEEN TRIED,
AND SO HAVE ALL CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS AND THEIR ACCOMPLICES
THE REAL COMMUNIQUÉ APRIL 20TH 1978
MORO ASSASSINATED?
On April 21st they published the real Communiqué no. 7 of the Red Brigades.
We felt a little more hopeful.
Good morning. Moro is alive.
In Turin and Genoa Red Brigades leaflets were found
stating that Aldo Moro is alive.
According to the leaflet
the message published on April 18th announcing the execution was fake.
The terrorists said they would return the professor
in exchange for some of their prisoners.
The state had two days to act.
-He's still alive, guys. -Yes, but now every minute counts.
They're just trying to raise the stake.
Here's an appeal signed by bishops, MPs, catholic and lay intellectuals
to rescue him. His family's initiative.
Why don't we do the same?
Let's collect signatures at university.
-Could it work? -Sure.
We'll show it to everyone. They'll have to listen.
From April 20th, the date of the real communiqué,
to 9th May, there are 19 days
during which some tried to do something,
and there were attempts to find an alternative to the death sentence.
I'd write this: "How is it possible that nobody wants to tackle this crisis
by means of healthy political realism?"
"Is it possible that nothing is done?"
Yeah.
Is it possible you're all happy for me to die?
Allegedly for a reason of state someone is cunningly recommending
and that would solve all outstanding issues in the country.
It wouldn't solve anything.
If this crime was committed
the resulting evil would first overwhelm you and then wipe you out.
If mercy prevails, this country can still survive.
He tries to stress that he's not the one being tried,
but the powers that be are.
He's telling them: "I'm here on your behalf,
and you have the duty to do something."
He understood that, especially within his party, there was no intention to act.
Mr. Moro didn't understand
why nobody among the Christian Democrats, people who were closest to Moro,
were not sensitive enough,
and, she would say, "Christian" enough,
to understand the value of a human life
is the most important thing of all.
-Would you like to sign this appeal? -Show me.
Oh, yeah, it's for Moro.
I'm signing.
We are appealing to the government to all political and social institutions,
in order for them to make sure Mr. Moro is released.
-Could you have a read? Thanks. -Sure.
Hey. Are you signing?
No, I can't. I told you why. I'm sorry.
What about you? Did you make up your mind?
It's against my principles.
However, he always taught us that people's life comes first.
Thanks.
I'm happy you changed your mind.
During those 55 days, we, the students, signed a paper
that we submitted to the authorities, asking them to negotiate Moro's release.
This is an appeal signed by more than 100 students of Aldo Moro.
CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
Thanks for the initiative, guys.
However, it's a little unconventional.
I will show your appeal to those concerned and we will take it into account.
We'll definitely keep you updated.
SENATE
You'll realize that all parties…
…except for the Socialists and the Radicals are against negotiating.
We are against negotiating, so I'm telling you apertis verbis…
It's unlikely you'll get heard.
PRIME MINISTER RESIDENCE
Can't you see how things are developing?
-Forget it, guys. -Forget it.
Forget it.
Francesca?
-We would have known better. -Francesca, wait.
It was as if they were… making fun of us.
We were hugely disappointed.
Aren't you getting it that everyone wants him dead? Everyone!
It's so unfair.
I think that seeing Aldo Moro left alone by the men in power,
the same he had been leading for years,
led to a people's uprising, if you can call it like this.
His son, Giovanni Moro himself
said: "In that moment we found out that the country was on his side".
APRIL 22ND 1978 DAY 38 OF THE KIDNAPPING
The Pope made a personal appeal to the Red Brigades
in order for them to release Mr. Moro so that he can return to his family.
"I'm writing to you, men of the Red Brigades…"
Paul VI had a personal friendly relationship with Aldo Moro.
Amid a lot of suffering, the Pope
wrote the famous message addressed to the Red Brigades.
The speech will be remembered for the phrase:
"Release him unconditionally."
"Release Aldo Moro. Just like this, unconditionally.
Not because of my humble and caring intercession,
but because of his dignity as our brother human."
This had possibly been requested by Italian institutions.
MORO: FINAL ACT
The Members of the Red Brigades recounted
that Moro was disappointed by the Pope's message.
Listen to what the professor says.
"How can you claim the state is wrecked if once in a while an innocent survives
and someone else is being exiled instead of jailed?"
It's crystal clear. He's showing us the way out.
A one-for-one exchange.
I now get it why the Socialists were talking about the exchange
with the jailed terrorist who is poorly.
They're testing the ground.
-I'm confident it will go well. -Me too.
You know what I think. You don't negotiate with murderers.
Riccardo, wait.
Whatever can be done or facilitated in order for Aldo Moro to be released,
must be done or facilitated.
Between giving in to blackmail
and preliminary rejection,
there can be other ways, in different shapes
several other democratic states didn't hesitate to try.
We had the strong feeling that there was some sort of real hope.
Grace or amnesty for a member of the Red Brigade
who didn't commit any bloody crime,
would have been an important step.
We started the dialogue
with the closest people to the members
of the Red Brigades, both myself and Bettino Craxi
knew pretty well from our experience within universities.
MAY 1ST 1978 DAY 47 OF THE KIDNAPPING
RED BRIGADES CALLING MRS. MORO
It's a political issue.
The Christian Democrats must do something if they want us to consider negotiating.
If this doesn't happen within few hours…
-I can't discuss this. I'm not allowed. -I'm sorry.
I'm just passing on the message.
Only a timely and clarifying intervention
by the head of the D.C. can change the situation.
The decision is taken. In the next few hours, the unavoidable will happen.
There's nothing else we can do. I've got nothing else to say.
Zaccagnini, the head of D.C.
replies that his hand are tied, because the Christian Democrats' idea
was that of not doing anything
that would hint at acknowledging the Red Brigades politically,
which was the Red Brigades' goal.
The duty to defend the Republic
and reaffirm the value of its institutions,
doesn't mean the human drama
I for one am experiencing, is less painful.
Our most illustrious and beloved leader,
Honorable Aldo Moro, is still…
a prisoner in the hands of the Red Brigades.
Mr. Zaccagnini and Mrs. Anselmi were devastated.
They were very close to Moro.
They were "Morotei", as we used to call them.
I remember seeing Tina Anselmi crying.
The request to ignore any legal procedure
and release inmates
who definitely did commit serious crimes.
This is absurd. Imagine what this would mean
for policemen and prison guards
who risk and sacrifice their lives
for serving the state.
THE BATTLE HAS COME TO AN END
COMMUNIQUÉ NO. 9 MAY 5TH 1978
Breaking news. The Red brigades published another leaflet stating:
"The battle which started on March 16th is over
and we now execute the sentence Moro was convicted for."
-If I think of it I want to kill myself. -Cowards.
Lucia!
Hey!
What is it?
Lucia?
Are you unwell?
Yes.
You're defending the dissertation in three days. You must get better.
Yeah.
Can I have my dark bag, please?
Okay.
-Where's… -Maybe that one.
There it goes. Thanks, Leonardi.
I know, I'm a walking pharmacy. It just makes me feel safe.
Take two spoons of this now and two tonight, on a full stomach.
You'll be better within three days.
-Thanks. -Go home now.
-Will you take her? -Sure.
-Bye. -See you on Wednesday.
Those last weeks, Oreste Leonardi was very nervous.
This was very unlike him.
He would take away the professor from the university quickly.
He would tell us: "Please, don't let us waste too much time,
because it's dangerous here."
In some other occasions, I must confess he told us:
"Guys, my boss is scared they could shoot us."
Lucia?
I can see you are better. I won my bet.
You did. Thank you, sir.
-I'm ready to defend my dissertation. -I'll finish reading it tomorrow.
Mr. President, it's time to go.
Don't forget that tomorrow at 9 a.m.
there's the inauguration ceremony for the new government.
This will be an excuse to go and visit the Parliament.
Francesca, I saw you keep writing for newspapers.
-You seem to have picked up a bad habit. -Very bad, sir.
-You did catch up, didn't you? -I lost one year.
You'll forget about it soon.
I am from Southern Italy and I care about certain things.
I want to be your best man, considering I was the first one to notice.
Alright? See you tomorrow, then.
-See you tomorrow. -Bye.
Just a quick one about the next visits.
-Can I join you on the car? -Better not. It's dangerous these days.
You'll talk later.
Mr. President, if I may. Probably we should interrupt the seminars.
I have no intention to do without my students.
I'm meeting the head of the political office of the police department.
I'll ask them to increase the checks.
Hopefully they'll act this time.
They're perfectly aware of the risk all of us are running.
-I'm confident they'll act. -When?
How long have we been waiting for an armored car?
Others got it and we're still waiting.
On March 15th, Moro called the Head of Police Parlato,
who recorded the content of the conversation
only after his death.
During this call, Moro told him: "I'm objectively in danger."
Late Mr. Leonardi told me he asked for…
He asked…
for an armored car.
He hadn't got it because back then not many politicians got it.
Andreotti did.
Thirty hours after the latest leaflet from the Red Brigades
more and more questions are still unanswered.
Maybe there was still a little hope.
The President of the Republic, Mr. Leone was getting organized
to go ahead with pardoning a Reg Brigade terrorist.
The idea that we were that close to the possibility of a release
with the amnesty for Paola Besuchio,
who wasn't critical for the organization any longer…
Nobody cared any longer. All they cared about was Moro's corpse.
In order for conservative values to be championed
the only way forward was getting rid of him.
My sweetest Loretta, we have now reached the final act.
I don't want to discuss the fact itself and the absurd punishment
I'm to be inflicted in spite of my mildness and moderation.
A hundred signatures would have forced them to negotiate.
That is all, for the past.
As for the future, I feel an immense tenderness towards you all,
and I remember all of you and each of you.
Lots of love, loaded with apparently insignificant,
but precious memories.
United in my memory, you live together.
I will feel as if I am with you.
I wish I could understand with my little mortal eyes
how you are going to see afterwards.
If there was light, it would be wonderful.
MAY 9TH 1978
CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS
The memory I have from that night
is that of people gathering at a hospital to watch over a family member
who is about to undergo very dangerous surgery
and have absolutely no clue
whether the doctors will save him or not.
-Am I speaking to Mr. Franco Tritto? -Yes. Who's speaking?
Red Brigades.
-Got it? -Yes.
I can't be too long on the phone.
Please go to Moro's family personally,
regardless of the fact whether your phone is hacked or not.
Go to the family and tell them:
"We want to fulfill Mr. President's last wishes
and let his family know where they can find
Aldo Moro's dead body."
What shall I do?
-Can you hear me? -Can you repeat, please?
No, I can't repeat.
Tell his family that the dead body of Honorable Aldo Moro
will be found on Via Caetani.
-Sorry? -Via Caetani.
It's the second street on the right of Via delle Botteghe Oscure.
Is that okay?
-Yes. -There's a red Renault 4.
-Do I have to call them? -No. Please just go there.
-I can't. -You can't?
You must go.
Please, don't.
I'm sorry, but I can't.
If you don't go, the President's last wishes
won't be fulfilled.
Talk to my father, please.
FROM GBR RADIO AND TV
I was surprised when I heard he had been killed. Very surprised.
Because I thought that in the end he would have won the terrorists over.
I mean that he would have convinced them that it was better for him to go back
and say everything he had told them.
We became aware that something had come to an end,
possibly in a way…
that, as much as we tried to reject the idea, we should have expected.
Apparently he didn't suffer.
At least.
Seeing him dead was something.
But this is what his friends wanted.
Moro's agony lasted more than 30 minutes.
The terrorists say he died on the spot.
He was killed at 4:35, but the terrorists say it was 6:30.
He was killed by 12 gunshots, but the terrorists say 11.
He was killed by 10 silenced gunshots, but the terrorists' figures are different.
CLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED WITH OMISSIONS
If they did in the garage in Via Montalcini,
they must have taken a ridiculously huge risk.
In order to do that, they would have kept the garage door open,
the front of the Renault 4 would stick out of the garage
internally there would have definitely been an echo,
because of the quality of the silencers back then.
The risk would have been really high.
Therefore there are doubts that it happened the way they told us.
Aldo Moro's tragedy doesn't only affect six people.
Let's not forget about them: Leonardi, Ricci, Zizzi,
Rivera, Iozzino, all policemen.
This tragedy concerns a whole population.
Until we don't "somatize" the truth about the Moro affair, as Sciascia used to say,
we won't be able to look into a future of freedom, democracy and peace.
The professor's funeral was private.
Wait.
In one of his last letters,
he asked for nobody from the institutions nor the party to be there.
But only those few who really loved him.
State funerals took place anyway.
In the Lateran Basilica, without his body.
A ritual which made us shiver.
LATERAN BASILICA MAY 13TH 1978
God of life and death,
you didn't listen to our supplication
for the safety
of Aldo Moro.
Of this man who was good
mild, wise, innocent,
a friend.
May we all gather…
Ugo Foscolo wrote:
"Time erases even the ruins."
This is true about the memory of our dearest friends as well.
When I look back to what Aldo Moro has meant for politics
I still feel like looking at him as a man
who, even when he got almost absolute power,
remembered that politics is not everything in life
and that, first of all, politics must be serving
the man on the street.
It must serve a country, like Moro did when he challenged
international powers' suspicions.
I'm going to be a lawyer, like the professor said.
I keep thinking about it.
I'm going to be a journalist.
Even thought he always tried to talk me out of it.
He was actually happy you found your way and you'd go for it.
This is what he mostly wanted to teach us.
I always said it. I want to become an academic.
What about you?
I don't know what I'm going to do.
There's one thing I'm sure about.
Whenever I have a problem,
I'll ask myself what he would have done.
And the solution will come.
I believe that for me, Aldo Moro was much more
than a university professor.
Aldo Moro was my educator.
There will never be a situation where I have to make a choice
I would not ask myself: "What would he say?
What would he think about it?
What would he tell me to do?"
Miss Graduate.
Hi, Mom.
-Congratulations. -Thanks.
Thank you. Hi!
The ongoing liberation in modern society
is expressed by the innovative power carried by young people.
By an age that encompasses itself both future and hope,
carried by workers, by women.
Because life is not the same,
but better, if young people can be young
and women can fully live their own nature without any deformity or constrictions.
Workers are citizens with the highest degree of dignity.
There's not doubt that we, the politicians,
are going to be judged on the basis
of our ability to interpret these characteristics
and have an appropriate stand about them.
To rule a country means doing many single things
that are important and expected.
However, deep inside it means championing
a new human condition.
Subtitle translation by: Rachele Agnusdei